In 1852 George Boole develops binary algebra. This became known as Boolean algebra and became important in the 20th century when binary computers were developed.
The 1890 U.S. census was the first one that was tabulated using a computer. It had taken seven years to tabulate the 1880 census and there was concern that it would be time for the 1900 census before work on the the 1890 one was completed. Herman Hollerith - who later formed the company that became IBM - built a punched card machine to process the census data.